Final answer:
D. Karl Marx argued that the economic system shapes all other parts of society, including religion, families, and politics, through the lens of class struggle.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theorist who argued that the economic system helped shape all other parts of society, including things like religion, families, and politics, is Karl Marx. Marx believed that the history of society was one of class struggle, with the economic system playing a central role in determining the structure and dynamics of society.
Thus, he contended that the economic system fundamentally influences all societal aspects, such as religion, families, and politics, by viewing them through the prism of class struggle, asserting that these elements are intricately interconnected and shaped by prevailing economic structures. He argued that capitalism fostered inequality and exploitation, and that other social institutions like religion and politics were influenced by and served to maintain the economic system.