Raphael's "Paul Preaching at Athens" may have influenced the Dutch painter Rembrandt's use of spatial arrangement etching, among other influences, as implied by the book A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings: 1625–1631 by J. Bruyn, B. Haak, S.H. Levie, and P.J.J. van Thiel. Jan Lievens, another Dutch painter who had a similar style as with Rembrandt.