Question

Referring to the readings, define the following terms. Make up your own examples and put each term into a sentence (example: the null hypothesis was retained when no significant correlation was found between COVID-19 and mask-wearing …. Unlikely, but it could happen ).1. Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis (examples in CH 9.1 – 9.4 are helpful for interpreting null and alternative hypotheses)2. Type 1 Error and Type 2 Error3. P-value: (the common standard to use for p-values is α = 0.05): define a p-value and tell what a large or small p-value tells us about the null and alternative hypotheses?4. What do we conduct a Student t-distribution (also known as a t-test) and what are the basic assumptions that must be met? (hint: 9.3)

Answer 1

A null hypothesis, is a hypothesis that states that there is no statistical significance between the two variables in the hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. The symbol H₀ is used to represent null hypothesis.

An alternative hypothesis states that there is statistical significance between two variables. The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove.

`H_(\alpha)\text{ is the symbol used to represent alternative hypothesis}`

Examples:

Null Hypothesis: The world is not round.

Alternate Hypothesis: The world is round

Type 1 error is the error caused by rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true.

Type II error is the error that occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is not true.

P-value is used in hypothesis testing to help you support or reject the null hypothesis. The p value is the evidence against a null hypothesis. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence that you should reject the null hypothesis. If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha we reject the null hypothesis otherwise we fail to reject.

A Student t-distribution is a statistical test that compares the means of two samples. It is used in hypothesis testing, with a null hypothesis that the difference in group means is zero and an alternate hypothesis that the difference in group means is different from zero.t-test is used when sample size is small (n<50) and population variance is unknown is used when sample size is small (n<50) and population variance is unknown