Question

When water freezes, its volume increases by 9.05% (that is, δv/v0 = 9.05 10-2). what force per unit area is water capable of exerting on a container when it freezes? (the bulk modulus of water is 2.2 109 n/m2. enter the magnitude only.)?

Answer 1

Given:
K = 2.2 x 10⁹ N/m², the bulk modulus of water
ε = δV/V₀ = 9.05 x 10⁻², the dilatation (volumetric strain)

Let the pressure created by the ice due to volumetric expansion be P.
By definition,

`(P)/((\delta V/V)) =K`
Therefore
P = (9.05 x 10⁻²) * (2.2 x 10⁹ N/m²) = 1.99 x 10⁸ Pa = 199 MPa
The pressure is 199 MPa or 1.99 x 10⁸ Pa
Note that 1 Pa = 1 N/m²

Answer: 1.99 x 10⁸