Let's explore how each of the options is formed.
Volcanic eruptions: It is when a volcano explodes due to magma build-up in the magma chamber. Lava, pyroclastic materials, and magma flow out of the volcano. It is related to the thermal energy inside the Earth because the heat is released to the surface of the Earth.
Thunderstorms: It is formed when three components: unstable weather conditions, uprising cold air, and enough moisture are present in the area. Based on the criteria for thunderstorms to form, it is not related to the flow of thermal energy inside the Earth.
Earthquakes: It is a phenomenon when two tectonic plates collide, slide, or crush one another, or when a volcano is about to erupt. It is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground. It is related to the flow of thermal energy inside the Earth since the pressure and temperature of the collision of the tectonic plates result in the formation of geothermal energy.
Valley Formation: A valley is a land formation wherein a low area is found between two hills or mountains. It is formed by erosion and gradual weathering of land by the wind and water. In the case of Hawaii volcanoes, its valleys were formed on the weathering of the slopes between the volcanoes. It is related to the flow of thermal energy inside the Earth.
ANSWER: Thunderstorms.