Final answer:
Officials in high office historically were often expected to have a mix of qualifications, including aristocratic lineage, success in civil service examinations, local or national political influence, and sometimes merit demonstrated through academic or military achievements. Appointments could also happen through lotteries to combat corruption, and democratic processes require evidence of electoral support.
Step-by-step explanation:
The qualifications of officials expected to hold high office in various historical contexts often included a mix of meritocracy and aristocratic lineage. For example, during the Tang dynasty, connections to influential families or the imperial house were crucial. Successful civil service examinations could also lead to government positions, but they did not fully challenge aristocratic power. In the Han dynasty, local political power could lead to national political power, with recommendations by magistrates favoring men from prominent clans. Similarly, in Silla, routes to office included being part of elite groups like the 'Flower Youths' or demonstrating academic or martial prowess.
Despite these varied paths to power, corruption and patronage were common concerns, and some governments instituted systems to reduce such issues. For instance, some offices required appointments by lot, rotation of positions, and, in certain democracies, the demonstration of adequate electoral support by officials. Monarchies would often require proof of proper lineage to justify holding a position of power. However, in general, the most prestigious and common route into government was through examinations, yet as certain gentry families established themselves, examinations remained important for status, but the offices were often filled by individuals from these families.