Question

How are proteins are made, packaged, and transported within the cell?

Answer 1

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cells. They use the genetic instructions from the nucleus to assemble the proteins of the cell, as well as other proteins the body needs.

The nuclear membrane is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is a network of membranes in layers, sacs, and tubes where organic molecules are made. These membranes work with the Golgi apparatus, the cell's vesicles and vacuole, and are collectively known as the endomembrane system. The endomembrane system is involved in producing, sorting, and packaging materials of the cell.

The endomembrane system transports materials around the cell. Some parts of the endomembrane system also participate in transporting substances out of the cell.

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Answer 2

The process of protein synthesis in the cell is divided into two major parts: transcription and translation.
Transcription involves the process of transcribing the genetic code in the DNA molecule into the mRNA molecule inside the nucleus. The mRNA then move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and this indicates the beginning of the translation part. The mRNA which is now in the cytoplasm bound to the ribosomes at specific sites. The ribosomes then start matching tRNA anticodon sequence to the mRNA codon sequences. The tRNA continues adding amino acids to the elongating chain until the 'stop codon' is reached; then the ribosome releases the mRNA and the synthesized protein. This signifies the end of translation. The newly synthesized protein is then sent to the golgi apparatus for packaging and transportation into the appropriate sites in the system.