Final answer:
Low folic acid during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, and increased risk of anemia. It's essential to ensure adequate intake of folic acid, as it is vital for the healthy development of the neural tube in the embryo.
Step-by-step explanation:
Low folic acid during pregnancy can result in neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, and an increased risk of anemia. Folic acid, also known as folate, is a B vitamin essential for the healthy development of the neural tube, which forms the early brain and spinal cord of the embryo. A deficiency of maternal folate, especially during the first weeks of pregnancy, can lead to serious birth defects. Spina bifida occurs when the spinal tissue protrudes through an incompletely closed vertebral column, while anencephaly is a more severe condition where there's a partial or complete absence of brain tissue.
In addition to neural tube defects, folic acid deficiency can impair fetal growth and may contribute to other developmental issues. It's important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant to ensure they are getting enough folic acid, either through diet or supplements, as this can reduce the incidence of these serious health issues by up to 40%. Pregnancy, certain medications, alcohol consumption, and disease states like celiac disease can increase the risk of vitamin deficiencies, emphasizing the importance of proper prenatal care and nutrition.