Answer:
cognitive processes
Step-by-step explanation:
The placebo effect is that a pharmacologically inactive substance produces therapeutic consequences on humans. There is clear reference that this effect has general and neurobiological biological substrates, in addition to the subjective and psychological impact. The functions in which the placebo may have greater value correspond to the processes of pain and depression. However, it is implicit in psychiatric pathologies and in almost all medicine; from the use of antibiotics to antihypertensives.
No clinical trial escapes the need for a placebo substance. A product without pharmacological activity should always be used as a control, in order to see if a new medication is effective. This phenomenon produces a very variable response with different origins. From the entire nervous system, where placebo responses to pain can be described, in the most primitive area, such as the spinal cord in which local neurochemical mechanisms were observed, even without any active drug.
On the other hand, they have described that cortical sectors of psychological rejection like the insula, see their activity decrease when this phenomenon occurs. Something similar happens with the sensory filter system that is the thalamus, which also decreases its activity when the subject perceives a placebo effect that calms pain. Finally, the cognitive system of the brain intervenes with the subjective processing of the prefrontal lobe, which can be ignited in situations of placebo