Question

An expert archer tries to shoot an arrow into a target lying at the bottom of a shallow pool, even though the water does not change the direction of the arrow, the archer misses the mark by several inches. What interaction of light and water caused the archer to miss?

Answer 1

Refraction of the light made the target appear a couple of inches from where it actually was

Answer 2

This is called in physics refraction phenomenon.

It occurs when light when the light passes from one medium with density d1 to another medium with density d2. The sight of the archer travel from air to deep into water & provokes a refraction.