Answer:
hypertonic
–80 millivolts
Osmosis or osmotic pressure
potassium
concentration gradient
A chemical gradient occurs when more of one molecule is on one side of a membrane, and more of another molecule is on the opposing side. An electrical gradient occurs when more positive or negative ions are on either side of a cell membrane. The presence of an electrical gradient can result in a membrane potential, or voltage difference.
The combination of a chemical and electrical gradient can result in an electrochemical gradient that drives the movement of ions and molecules across a membrane.
An electrochemical membrane can have opposing component gradients.
Step-by-step explanation: