Final answer:
The political system in Western Europe during the Middle Ages that resembles the aristocracy formed by the Turkic cavalry is feudalism, which involved kings and lords granting land to vassals in exchange for military service, akin to the military elite and knights serving European aristocracy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The political system in Western Europe during the Middle Ages that closely resembled the aristocratic structure formed by the military elite of the Turkic cavalry is feudalism. Characterized by an exchange of land for military service, feudalism was a hierarchical system in which kings and lords granted land to vassals in return for their loyalty and service as knights or soldiers. Much like the Turkic cavalry, European knights provided the backbone of the military forces, with aristocratic culture focusing on lordship, landholding, and military prowess. The knights, bound by the virtues of loyalty, courage, and honor, formed an essential part of the lord's retinue and were key in holding and expanding territories.
During the Middle Ages, the feudal system acted as the organizing principle of rural economies and local government, with social status and political power being largely defined by the possession of land and the capacity to command armed men. Over time, both in Europe and regions ruled by Turkic military elites, the aristocracy became entrenched, enjoying privileges and status inherited or bestowed based on their role as protectors and enforcers of their sovereigns' will. As society evolved, the reliance on mounted warriors eventually declined, particularly with the widespread adoption of gunpowder and firearms, leading to significant shifts in both European and Turkic military strategies and social structures.