Answer:
D. All of the above
Explanation:
Lets look at each option one by one:
A. Decreased pH: Fossil fuel emission releases carbon dioxide and when it dissolves in ocean it forms carbonic acid. This leads to higher acidity specially near the surface of the ocean.
B. Decreased Carbonate Concentrations: When carbon dioxide (
) is absorbed by the ocean, a series of chemical reactions occur which results in the increased concentration of hydrogen ions. This increase of hydrogen ions cause the ocean water to become more acidic and hence causes carbonate ions to be relatively less abundant.
C. Increased
absorption: It is quite obvious that the primary element in fossil emission is carbon dioxide it will cause increased carbon dioxide absorption.
Hence, all of the options are correct.