Answer: D. Europe had no centralized government.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, a political void was left in Europe. Large migrations of people occurred in territories previously governed by Rome. This were the consequence of the lack of funds of the Roman military, which was unable to suppress the migrations. Marriage between different ethnic groups occurred, which led to the fusion of Roman culture with that of new groups.
These new social changes led to the gradual loss of tax revenue, which diminished the power of political leaders. Warfare became more common and societies became more rural and divided. The centralised government was replaced by small political units with several leaders. Some of the groups that became common were the Ostrogoths, the Burgundians, the Franks, the Celts and the Britons.