Final answer:
A pull factor that influenced European immigration to the US was the availability of industrial jobs. Nativism led to more restrictive immigration laws, as it emphasized the interests of native-born citizens over immigrants.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that describes a pull factor that influenced European immigration to the United States is Industrial jobs (option B). This was a significant pull factor because as the United States increased its industrial output during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the demand for labor grew, attracting immigrants with the prospect of employment and better economic opportunities. Factors like the desire to escape poverty, violence, and natural disasters in their home countries also played a role. However, among the options given, industrial jobs represent a clear motivation causing people to migrate to the US.
Regarding the role of nativism, it played a part in shaping federal policy as it led to more restrictive immigration laws (option D). Nativism refers to a policy or belief that protects the interests of native-born citizens against those of immigrants. It manifested in the form of discrimination and anti-immigration legislation, particularly in the late 19th century when diverse waves of immigrants, such as those from southern and eastern Europe, faced heightened prejudice and were denied equal opportunities.