Guarantees of personal freedoms against possible threats from the government are called Civil Liberties.
Civil Liberties refers to the fundamental individual rights protected by law, that the government, nor any authority, can't violate without justification or a due process. Depending on the country, the Civil Liberties may include freedom of expression, freedom of the press, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment, or no discrimination, the right to security, etc.