Final answer:
Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons can be donated, leading to the formation of ions, or shared, resulting in molecular bonds. Through these interactions, elements combine to form molecules, which are the building blocks of cells and organisms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Interrelationship Between Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Atoms consist of three fundamental subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are uncharged, and electrons have a negative charge. The protons and neutrons give mass to the atom and are contained in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, resulting in no net charge.
Electron Donation and Sharing
Electrons can be either donated or shared between atoms. When electrons are donated, one atom gives up one or more electrons, becoming positively charged, while the other atom gains those electrons and becomes negatively charged, resulting in the formation of ions. When electrons are shared, atoms bond together to form molecules, creating a stable configuration without changing their charges.
Combining Elements to Create Molecules and Organisms
Naturally occurring elements combine to create molecules through the transfer and sharing of electrons. When atoms come close, the attraction between the electrons of one atom and the protons of another atom can lead to the formation of chemical bonds. These molecules can further combine to form cells, tissues, organ systems, and ultimately, complete organisms through a variety of intermolecular forces.