Question

1) The immune system is designed to defend against bacteria, microbes, viruses, toxins, and what?

A) parasites
B) cuts
C) fever
D) algae




2) When something dies, the immune system continues to operate.
True
False



3) When you get a cut, what enters the body?



4) What is a result of the immune system doing its job on an infected cut?
A) scab
B) pus
C) bleeding
D) itching


5) Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system.
True
False




6) Lack of what vitamin causes rickets?
A) c
B) a
C) d
D) e




7) Swollen and bleeding gums, swollen joints and bruising are signs of what?
A) rickets
B) cancer
C) glaucoma
D) scurvy




8) If you do not get enough iron you get anemia.
True
False



9) When the liver is damaged from alcoholism, it is called:
A) cirrhosis
B) scurvy
C) anemia
D) rickets



10) What condition is spotted by melanoma?
A) scurvy
B) rickets
C) cancer
D) anemia


11) Polio causes paralysis by attacking what?
A) bones
B) nerve cells
C) blood cells
D) spinal fluid
'


12) List the 3 ways your body protects from infections.

Answer 1

Answer 1:

(A) Parasites

Immune system's initial function is to recognise foreign substances in the body (including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or transplanted organs and tissues) and originate a defence against them. This defence is known as the immune response. It helps to protect the body towards infection. It is intended to identify and destroy harmful foreign organisms.

Answer 2:

FALSE

When something dies, its immune system (along with everything else) shuts down. In a matter of hours, the body is invaded by all kinds of bacteria, microbes, parasites. None of these things is capable to get in when your immune system is working, but the moment your immune system ends the door is wide open. Once you die it only takes a few weeks for these organisms to fully dismantle your body and carry it away until all that's left is a skeleton.

Answer 3:

First, blood cells called platelets bound together at the cut and create a clot to stop the bleeding. The platelets then discharge chemicals called cytokines into your bloodstream. Cytokines draw the awareness of certain cells to start improving your cut. They also alert your immune system to scan for infection in the injured area. You will regard the injured area swelling and getting red as all the cells that the cytokines called a rush to the scene. This swelling is called inflammation.

Answer 4:

(B) Pus

Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, built at the site of inflammation while bacterial or fungal infection. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is identified as an abscess, whereas a visible accumulation of pus within or beneath the epidermis is recognised as a pustule, pimple, or spot.

Answer 5:

TRUE

Allergic reactions start in your immune system. When a simple substance such as dust, mould, or pollen is confronted by a person who is allergic to that substance, the immune system may overreact. It may originate antibodies that attack the allergen.

Answer 6:

(D) Vitamin D

Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, normally because of an intense and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D improves the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract. A deficiency of vitamin D makes it difficult to sustain proper calcium and phosphorus levels in bones, which can cause rickets.

Answer 7:

(D) Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease occurring from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms include weakness, feeling tired, and sore arms and legs. Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur.

Answer 8:

TRUE

Iron is an essential element of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that takes oxygen from the lungs and transports it throughout the body. If your body doesn't have enough iron, it cannot generate enough healthy oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Iron deficiency can cause anaemia, which suggests you have too little haemoglobin.

Answer 9:

(A) Cirrhosis

The liver is a large organ with a prominent job in your body. It separates the blood of toxins, breaks down proteins, and produces bile to support the body absorb fats. When a person drinks alcohol heavily over the course of decades, the body begins to replace the liver’s healthy tissue with scar tissue. Doctors call this condition of alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

Answer 10:

(C) Cancer

Melanoma is a cancer of melanocytes, cells that allow the pigment melanin. Most melanomas develop on the skin. It is not uncommon for patients or their spouses to recognize cutaneous (skin) melanomas. If caught early, most melanomas can be remedied with relatively minor surgery.

Answer 11:

(D) Spinal fluid

Polio is a viral infection that can cause paralysis by attacking spinal fluid and can cause death in its most critical forms. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colourless body liquid found in the brain and spinal cord. It is generated by the specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations.

Answer 12:

Following are the ways to project body from infections:

1. Mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth, nose, and eyelids, are also useful barriers. Typically, mucous membranes are coated with secretions that challenge microorganisms.
2. The airways filter out scraps that are present in the air that is inhaled. The walls of the passages in the nose and airways are coated with mucus.
3. The digestive tract has a range of powerful barriers, including stomach acid, pancreatic enzymes, bile, and intestinal secretions. These substances can kill bacteria or stop them from multiplying.

Answer 2

1) A. Parasites.
The immune system is designed to defend our body from against 'invaders' that it does not recognize and which might be potentially harmful to our health and well-being. It is essential for our survival. It works through various systems and types of cells.

2) True.
When the immune system kills the foreign body that has entered our system, the specific cells that work on it do not necessarly continues living, but the whole system continued working, searching for other 'intruders' that might cause harm to our health.

3) When you get a cut, that might be from paper or a knife, or whatever source, there are germs entering your body. The immune system acts upon it right away, starting a 'war' against the unwanted bodies. Then, our body is designed to fix itself, activating the tissues and closing the cut, to prevent us to continue bleeding and further germs to enter our system.

4) B. Pus
Our immune system is designed to keep the wounds from getting infected, that is why a scab is created right away. But when the wound does get infected, you might see some sort of liquid coming out of it: that is the pus, which is non-other than protein-rich fluid of dead leukocytes or white cells, that have died while killing the infection.

5) True.
Having an allergy means that your body identifies as harmful some non-harmful substances, such as: dust, pollen, cat hair, etc. When in contact with this substances, the immune system overreacts in order to protect you from them. The reactions have different degrees of intencity, it may be sneezing and dizziess, or it might get intense such as anaphylactic shocks, which are potentially life-threatening.

6) C. Lack of Vitamin D.
A vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common causes for Rickets.
Rickets is a disease that causes the bones to soften, and it is generally encountered in children. This is why it is very important to include a good amount of vitamin D in the infant's diet, as prevention to this condition.

7) D. Scurvy.
Scurvy is a disease cause by a deficency of vitamin C.
This disease if often associated with sailors from the 15th to the 18th century, as many have died from the consequences of the untreated symptoms, which are: swollen and bleeding gums, limbs weakness, anemia, and skin problems.

8) True.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. It indicated the extreamly low level of hemoglobin (they are responsible for carrying around oxygen) in the red blood cells. Iron is needed in order to create red blood cells, so a lack of iron will, most likely, cause you to have anemia.

9) A. Cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis is when the liver is scarred by different causes, one of them in alcoholism. It is how the liver responds to damage: everytime it gets damaged, it has the ability to repair itself, leaving behind scars. Thus, when there are too many, the condition is called Cirrohsis, and there is nothing that can be done to repair it.

10) C. Cancer.
Melanoma skin cancer can be detected by spots on your skin. Moles, lumps, markings, they should all be kept under control. If there are any changes, or anomalies, it could be a sign of skin cancer. Obviously not all melanomas will lead to cancer, but a check every now and then is always reccomended.

11) D. Spinal Fluid.
Polio is an infectious disease that may reach the spinal cord and the brain, causing paralysis and death. It hit the nervous system, affecting the areas responsible for our movements. The symptoms are neck and back stiffness, unfusual reflexes and having trouble breathing.

12)
Skin and Mucous membranes - The skin itself is a barrier against infections. Mucous can be found in our nose, throat, urethra.
Immune system and blood cells - they are the ones who fight infections when encountered in our bodies, making sure that the foreign entities are killed before they could result too harmful for our health.
Acid - our stomach and an few other organs contain/produce acid that can melt unwanted infections.