full rhyme: a rhyme where the stressed vowels and all the following consonants and vowels are identical, but the consonants coming before the rhyming vowels are different (such as chain, brain / soul, pole)
slant rhyme: a rhyme with the stressed syllables of ending consonants match, but the preceding vowel sounds don't match...the words have similar but not identical sounds. they are "imperfect rhymes" as you might say. (such as short, hurt / heaven, even, given)
meter: rhythmic structure of the verses in a poem
breve: a curved mark over a vowel meaning it's too short...it could also mean a double whole note, if that's what you're asking for.