Final answer:
Richard's perception of information through internal reasoning and logic is indicative of the characteristic known as Thinking, which embodies the rationalist approach to knowledge, distinguishing itself from intuition, sensing, and judging.
Step-by-step explanation:
Richard perceives information by internal reasoning and logic, which is known as Thinking. Thinking is the psychological process that reflects the utilization of logic and reasoning to interpret and integrate information. It contrasts with options like intuition, which refers to an immediate understanding without the need for conscious thought; sensing, which relies on sensory experience; and judging, which involves decision making often built upon thinking or feeling processes.
Rationalism is the philosophical stance that emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge or justification. It posits that reality can often be understood through logical deduction and that some forms of knowledge are innate. This connects to the process of thinking, where reasoning and logical analysis are applied to gain understanding or make decisions, indicative of a rationalist approach.