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The answers are as follows:
1. Abstract noun
Examples of abstract nouns include: Loyalty, freedom, and democracy.
2. Transitive verb
A verb followed by a noun: "I bought some books."
3. Intransitive verb
A verb not followed by a noun: "Water boils at 100°C."
4. Superlative
Superlative degree is the highest degree of comparison. Example: Henry is the funniest of anyone here. (Preceding degrees are positive and comparative. "John is funny." "Jim is funnier than John.")
5. Joint ownership
6. Verb tense
Verb tenses: Past, present, future.
7. Adverb suffix
Adverbs with the suffix -ly: Firmly, abruptly, quickly.
8. Adjective
Some adjectives: Furry, sunny, warm. "The furry dog was friendly."