Final answer:
The statement is true; eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins, forming a structure known as chromatin. This structure is only organized into distinct chromosomes during cell division, otherwise existing as a less condensed chromatin form within the nucleus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of both DNA and proteins is true. In eukaryotic cells, DNA forms a complex with histone proteins to create chromatin, which makes up the substance of the chromosomes. Chromosomes are essential structures within the nucleus that contain the hereditary material, organized into a specific number for each eukaryotic species.
During the growth and maintenance phases of a cell's life cycle, the chromosomes are not easily distinguishable. Instead, they are present in a less condensed form known as chromatin, which is an unwound, jumbled arrangement of these DNA-protein complexes. This structure becomes more condensed and organized into clearly visible chromosomes only when a cell is preparing to divide.
The entire genetic content of a cell is known as its genome. In eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes play a crucial role in the genetic organization, whereas in prokaryotes, the DNA is typically found in a single, circular chromosome form that is not associated with proteins in the same way.