According to this excerpt from Ernest Shackleton's South! we can infer that the meaning of the words are:
PROTRUDED-EXTENDED: Protruded is used to explain that the rocks extended above the snow.
HAUNT-PLACE FREQUENTED: Haunt is a sort of refuge, thus a frequented place by men.
PROXIMITY-NEARNESS: Proximity is used to express how near humans are.
TREACHEROUS-PRECARIOUS: The surface is treacherous because of its dangerousness and precariousness.