Answer:
The matching of the given numbers to there standard notation is given as follows:
232,000,000------ 2.32E8
0.00000431 ------ 4.31E-6
2,320,000,000 ----- 2.32E9
0.000000000000431 ----- 4.31E-13
Explanation:
We know that the standard notation of a number is given by:
There must be only one digit before the decimal and rest after that.
Also, it there is a shift of the decimal to the right then the power goes to negative and positive if shift is to the left.
1)
232,000,000
Here we have to take the decimal 8 digits from the left and the number in standard notation will be given by:

which is written as: 2.32E8
2)
0.00000431
Here we have to shift the decimal 6 digits to the right.
Hence, the number is expressed as:

which is written as: 4.31E-6
3)
2,320,000,000
Here the decimal is to be put 9 digits from the left and hence the number is represented as:

which is given by: 2.32E9
4)
0.000000000000431
Here we will shift the decimal 13 places to the right and hence the number is given by:

which is given by: 4.31E-13