When you factor a quadratic (polynomial) you express it as the product of two linear polynomials.
For example:
Factor the quadratic:

Answer:

This is the answer because if you expand the product (x-2)(x-3) you get the given quadratic.
To find the factors you must find the roots using the quadratic formula:

Some quadratics are irreducible, meaning that you cannot find a product like that. For example:

is irreducible. You cannot factor it.