Answer:
Figure 1.1: An abstract representation of a system.
The term dynamical system loosely refers to any system that has an internal
state and some dynamics (i.e., a rule specifying how the state evolves in time).
This description applies to a very large class of systems, from automobiles and
aviation to industrial manufacturing plants and the electrical power grid. The
presence of dynamics implies that the behavior of the system cannot be entirely arbitrary; the temporal behavior of the system’s state and outputs can be
predicted to some extent by an appropriate model of the system.
Example 1. Consider a simple model of a car in motion. Let the speed of
the car at any time t be given by v(t). One of the inputs to the system is the
acceleration a(t), applied by the throttle. From basic physics, the evolution of
the speed is given by
dv
dt = a(t). (1.1)
The quantity v(t) is the state of the system, and equation (1.1) specifies the
dynamics. There is a speedometer on the car, which is a sensor that measures
Step-by-step explanation: