The correct answer is 1) A government position when it comes before a specific name.
2 is incorrect because time of year is almost never capitalized (unless you are talking about names of the months, then yes); 3 is incorrect because there is no reason why you should do that; 4 is incorrect because not all words are capitalized - conjunctions, prepositions, etc. aren't.
Number 1 is correct - for example: President Obama.