Question

Karl marx argued that in some fundamental ways hegel's theories were mistaken about how the world worked. marx said he needed to "stand hegel on his head" because marx believed that "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness." for many who came afterward, marx's argument represented a:

a. classic demonstration of reactivity.

b. justification of qualitative research.

c. paradigm shift.

d. participant observation.

Answer 1

The answer is c. paradigm shift. He presented a different way of understanding consciousness which is opposite from other theoreticians. He defines that development of learning is based on material and social conditions of man which is the interaction on the environment and people. He contradicted Hegel's theory that it is the mere consciousness that came first which tells man's existence.