Final answer:
Land formations associated with faults include steep, cliff-like fault scarps for normal faults due to extensional tectonics; mountain ranges from reverse and thrust faults due to compressional tectonics; and linear valleys and offsets in geographic features along strike-slip faults.
Step-by-step explanation:
Land formations are closely associated with different types of faults, which are fractures in the earth's crust where there has been movement of the blocks of rock on either side of the fault. These faults are formed by the tectonic forces acting on the Earth's lithosphere and the resulting structures can significantly shape the landscape.
Normal Faults
Normal faults are associated with extensional tectonics, where the Earth's crust is being pulled apart. This results in the hanging wall moving downward relative to the footwall, often creating steep, cliff-like landforms known as fault scarps. These faults are common in rift valleys and divergent plate boundaries.
Reverse Faults and Thrust Faults
Reverse and thrust faults are associated with compressional tectonics, where the blocks of the Earth's crust are being pushed together. In reverse faults, the hanging wall moves upwards relative to the footwall. Thrust faults are a special type of reverse fault with a low angle of dip, usually less than 30°. This type of movement can lead to the formation of mountain ranges, and when erosion takes place, isolated portions of the displaced block, known as klippen, can be seen.
Strike-slip Faults
Strike-slip faults are characterized by horizontal movement along the fault plane. One excellent example is the San Andreas Fault, a strike-slip fault known for producing significant earthquakes. These faults can create linear valleys and offset streams and roads that cross the fault.