In those quotations from the story, author is using both direct and indirect characterization. Direct characterization is when author directly states what characters are like and indirect characterization shows personality of a character through speech, looks, actions, thought and effects on others. In the first quotation author is using direct characterization through stating how character looks and states her actions – Della is slender and she has mastered the arts. In second quotation author also uses direct characterization through looks and actions – Madam is large, too white, chilly and she hardly looks at ‘Sofronie. In the third quotation, Madam’s characterization is indirectly shown through her action and speech – she bidded twenty dollars by lifting her hand. An in the fourth quotation indirect characterization is shown through actions – he looked the watch on the sly.