Question

Antony conducts a correlational study and finds that students who work more hours in part-time jobs have higher grades. what antony doesn't know is that both of these phenomena are caused by students' motivation levels. this is an example of

Answer 1

The options were
a) the third variable problem.
b) the directionality problem.
c) the experimenter expectancy effect.
d) observer bias.
The answer is a) the third variable problem Here students' motivation is the third variable which usually taken as a factor which does not affect in study but here its effects cannot be overlooked so creates a discrepancy in the study .

Answer 2

the answer is: the third variable problem
the third variable problem refers to the additional factor that could mistakenly lead to the false conclusion in determining the causal relationship between two other factors.
Other example:
There was a study that shown that eating soy bean leads to the development of breast cancer. But if we take a look at East Asian population who consume more soy beans compared to western people, East Asian population have far less cancer cases.
In this case, we can say that Genetic is a third variable problem