Question

How did european states respond to the increase in crime in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries?

Answer 1

France:
New police force called "serjents" (1828) was introduced by Louis-Maurice Debelleym.
--police were there to protect citizens, not control them

GB:
The constable system failed --> police "bobbies" were introduced

Germany:
Schutsmannschaft (basically the German version of British police)