Final answer:
Chromosomes, which are comprised of DNA and proteins, are found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The nucleus also contains the nucleolus, where ribosomes are synthesized. Chromosomes are crucial for segregation of genetic material during cell division.
Step-by-step explanation:
DNA makes up structures in the cell known as chromosomes, which are located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Chromosomes consist of strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones, forming a compact structure that can be more easily segregated during cell division. In humans, each cell typically contains 46 chromosomes, each with hundreds to thousands of genes encoding for proteins. The genetic material, when not formed into chromosomes for cell division, is present as chromatin throughout the nucleus. This interphase form of DNA, chromatin, is a less condensed version where DNA is still associated with histone proteins but is more accessible for transcription.
The nucleolus is also located within the nucleus and is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes, which exit the nucleus through nuclear pores and assemble proteins within the cytoplasm. The organizational structure of DNA into chromosomes is critical for the proper segregation of genetic material during the process of cell division, ensuring each daughter cell receives the correct genomic information.