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Keeping focus on the united states, tonry, (2009) considers several social forces shaping american punitiveness, namely:

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political paranoia, Protestant fundamentalism (and intolerance), and a politicization of criminal justice.
Tonry believes that each phenomenas that displayed above contributes to a the creation of some sort of punitiveness in America, He notice that Racial factors would also played a significant role in the formation of those phenomenas.
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