The two events, since World War II, that mobilized the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.
The first is the recognition of the Jewish State on May 14th, 1948. This mobilized many of the Islamic nations, who had fought against the allies in both wars and had lost land as a result.
The second is the Invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. This proved to be a rallying cry for fundamentalists throughout the world and proved to be a jihad training ground.