Scientific knowledge was challenged as new ideas and knowledge emerged in physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry. They transformed ancient and medieval visions about nature and laid the foundations of classical science. Superstition and religion were replaced by science, reason and knowledge.
Old beliefs were demolished: the idea of the Earth as the center of the Universe, the concepts of uniformity and circularity of translation of the celestial bodies.
And they made history the ideas of Isaac Newton (with the law of gravitation, among others), Galileo Galilei (first law of movement for astronomical observation) and Nicolas Copernico (heliocentric theories of the solar system), among others.