using (f ○ g )(x) = f(g(x))
f(g(x) =f(
)
substitue x =
in f(x)
=
/
- 3 ×

=

the denominator of f(g(x)) cannot be zero as this would make f(g(x)) undefined. Equating the denominator to zero and solving gives the value that x cannot be
solve 1 - 3x = 0 ⇒ - 3x = - 1 ⇒ x =
← excluded value
domain is x ∈ (- ∞,
) ∪ (
, + ∞ )