using Descartes' rule of signs
Count the number of sign changes in f(x)
+ \ - / + / + / -
There are 3 sign changes, hence a maximum of 3 possible positive roots
f( - x) = -
+ 3x³ + 2x² - 5x - 4
count the number of sign changes in f( - x)
- / + / + / - / -
There are 2 sign changes, hence a maximum of 2 possible negative roots