Final answer:
The common name for the pancreas's beta cells is 'beta cells,' and their scientific name is 'beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.' They produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
The common name for the beta cells of the pancreas is simply beta cells, while the scientific name is beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. These cells are part of the pancreatic islets and are chiefly responsible for producing the hormone insulin, which plays a critical role in regulating blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels increase, beta cells secrete insulin to promote the uptake of glucose by the body's cells, therefore lowering the blood glucose. On the other hand, the alpha cells produce glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels when they fall too low.