The results indicate that D.A.R.E. had no long-term effects on a wide range of drug use measures including smokeless tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, and “other drugs”, nor did it show a lasting impact on hypothesized mediating variables, with one exception. Some D.A.R.E.-by-community interactions were observed: Urban and rural students showed some benefits, whereas suburban students experienced small but significant increases in drug use after participation in D.A.R.E.