Left
This is from Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer. You need a sentence and a half to fulfill the conditions of what you are asked.
The sentence beginning "Injun Joe infested all his dreams ..." The his refers to Tom. Unfortunately, that does not include Huck, so you have to go another 1/2 sentence to get how Huck responded to Injun Joe (same way). Whoever made the question was a little bit sloppy in what they wanted. If it was just Tom, you could do it in one sentence. But to get both boys into the thought you need a 1/2 more sentence which begins
Poor Huck was in the same state of wretchedness and horror.
Middle
This is a case where you have notes, I would assume. The last one is certainly part of any persuasive argument. You have to know both sides in order to defend one successfully. So one of the answers is E.
That makes A incorrect. You have to choose one side of the topic, but you cannot be blind to the other side. You must somehow be able to mention and quickly counter the other side. That takes a lot of study.
Popularity has nothing to do with what to choose. The may want to take "the road less traveled." So B is incorrect. You have to go with what you believe, unless you are writing a speech for someone who has his own point of view.
C is pragmatic. You might do that if you have no feelings one way or the other about the topic. You have to look this up.
D has the same answer as C. It depends. If you are going to a Christian School abortion is going to be very hard to defend. Should you try? And you have to look at your notes that came with this question.
E is a definite yes.
Right
An infinitive is a verb form. It is usually a noun but not always. It is easily identified but can be a little harder to state what it does in the sentence.
Identification: There is only one sentence that has an infinitive in it and that is the fourth one down. "To win ... [her approval and trust]."
Function: It is not a noun. To win is not the same thing as goal. The verb used in the 4th one down is was which is a linking verb. If there is a noun used after it, then (in this case) it must be the same as goal.
It is not an adverb. To win would have to make was clearer which it does not. To win tells us nothing about the nature of was.
It is an adjective. The adjective modifies goal. The goal is a winning goal. The objective is to win the teacher's approval. The proper term for such an adjective is a predicate adjective.