In the second excerpt the narrator probably disagrees with certain rules and a superior is trying to persuade him to adhere to the rules even if he doesn't agree with them. Otherwise, his record will be ruined. My thoughts are that first and above all, we should always be true to ourselves.
In the third excerpt, a young boy has just faced a failure and he is disillusioned. He is trying to console himself by thinking that when he will get older he will feel stronger and will have the right to do as he pleases. My advice would be to relax, enjoy his age and never stop trying.
A child is remembering his father and how he tried to save hm, now that he is an adult. At the time, he couldn't realize how important he was and the fact that his father would sacrifice everything for him. My advice is to do the same for his children.