Before widespread colonization had started, illnesses took off a sizable portion of the indigenous population, among other negative effects. Before there was even a single English colony in what the English referred to as "The New World," the largest mass mortality of indigenous people in the Americas due to illness occurred.
The conquest of formerly dominating cultures like Mexico's "Aztec" culture is another important result.
It's crucial to emphasize that there were a ton of other effects, many of which are understudied. The native tribes' political relationships underwent a significant transformation. The Narragansett tribe held a commanding advantage over the Wampanoag when the Pilgrims started establishing the area that is now known as Plymouth (or Plimoth, to use their spelling). The Wampanoag suddenly got the upper hand over the Narragansett once the Pilgrims settled and made an alliance with them. A few decades later, previous long-time enemies in Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes would ally to fight English settlers in “King Phillips’ War”. This war was largely caused by increased hostility of some Wampanoags, Narragansett, Massachusett, and others to Christianity’s spread, which before large-scale colonization was tolerated without any opposition, but as English colonization intensified, either resulted in a Massachusett(the indigenous tribe) man named John Sassamon being murdered, or resulted in three Wampanoag men being convicted for murdering him by a jury consisting of both English colonists and Indigenous people. I don't know if these guys were guilty or if the trial was impartial, but this one incident and conviction sparked a significant conflict known as King Phillip's War. The Massachusett Language vanished as a result of King Phillip's War, which resulted in the death, forced assimilation, unforced assimilation, or subjugation of the majority of indigenous people. It also established the English culture of the time as the dominant cultural force throughout the entire Northeast, not just on the colonists' territory but also on the remaining tribal lands. Native Americans who were still alive and lived in New England highly absorbed into English society.
The Iroquois would eventually create a highly developed political tribal federation that served as an influence for The Constitution.
Sequoyah, the head of the Cherokee tribe, anticipated the widespread settlement of White people in the areas where his people already resided and made an effort to quickly adapt. When he moved to the "Arkansas Territory," he began to establish cities, emphasize writing and reading using his own Cherokee alphabet, and even start building universities.
Thank you,
Eddie