- The Eupicureans believed that only pleasure is good.
Epicureans identify good with pleasure and with the absence of pain from the body and the soul.
- Thomas Aquinas accepted Platonic dualism: False.
Plato believed that the essence of a human being was the soul, that is to say, a person is essentially his/her soul. He thought the body as a mere instrument of the soul. On the other hand, Aquinas thought, taking into account the Christian Dogma of Resurrection in which humans resurrect in their corporeal forms, body and soul go hand in hand, meaning that the soul becomes the substantial form that leads the body to perform its actions.
- Thomas Aquinas divided knowledge into two spheres. That of faith and that of reason: True
Aquinas perceives reason and faith as two types of knowledge. Reason refers to what people can know by experience and logic alone. Therefore, human beings can know that there is a God and that there is only one God. Faith refers to what people can know by God's revelation to us, through the Bible, for instance. Christans believe God is triune (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) and these truths about God can't be known without faith. In sum, faith and reason are two ways of arriving at truth.
- The idea that God must exist because the universe is orderly but could not have produced that order itself (and is therefore made orderly by an intelligent being) is known as the teleological argument for God.
The teleological argument (term derived from "telos", the Greek word for "goal" or "purpose") also known as the argument from design is an argument for an intelligent creator or God. These arguments attempt to identify various empirical features of the world that are evidence of intelligent design and claiming God's existence as the best explanation for these features.
- The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle had a major impact on late Medieval thought: True
The Scholastics, like Thomas Aquinas or Roger Bacon, transformed the intellectual and cultural environment of Europe in the Middle Ages, influenced by the rediscovery of the works of Aristotle, who believed that the material world was not inferior. The Scholastics' work laid the foundation for huge changes such as the Reinassence and the Scientific Revolution.
- Augustine got many of his ideas about how God illuminated the universe from his interpretation of the works of Plato.
Plato's theory of recollection alludes that the human mind somehow has built into it an understanding of the Forms, meaning that at some point the soul must have received some kind of illumination. Medieval philosophers from Agustine on, would take this idea into account for further development.
- The idea that the simplest explanation of something is usually the best is known as Okham's Razors.
Occam's razor is the problem-solving principle, specially in philosophy, that refers to the idea that the simplest solution tends to be the right one. In other words, the more assumptions or guesses you make, the more unlikely to have an explanation.
- Augustine separated the fallen "City of Man" (sometimes called the "City of the World") from the perfect "City of God.": True.
Augustine uses the term "city" to refer to "society". The City of Man, according to Augustine, is based on man self-love . This kind of love is one that is egocentric and egoistic. It expresses the will to absolute autonomy in rebel against the theonomous and theocentric love of God. On the other hand, The City of God refers to heaven, which is the perfect city, where the church is the kingdom of Christ.
- Anselm's idea that if people can concieve of God, a perfect being who exists (because existence is a prerequisite of perfection), therefore God must exist is known as the ontological argument for God's existence.
The main purpose of Anselm's ontological argument is to provide a proof of God's existence. Anselm relies on an assumption that does not depend on experience for its justification, that is a priori, and then uses logical means to come to the conclusion that God exists.
- One of the defining debates of Medieval Philosophy is that between the superiority of faith versus reason: True
The Medieval philosophers are characterized for discussing ideas such us the superiority of faith versus reason, the good and evil as well as the existence of God.