The correct answer is d). Affirmative action.
The term affirmative action is defined as "promoting minority inclusion in education and employment opportunities.”
The benefits of affirmative action policies focus on having better opportunities for minority groups like women, children or poor people These minorities have been excluded in the past by other members. The areas included in an affirmative action basically are gender diversity in employment and education.
The first president to use the term affirmative action in an Executive Order was John F. Kennedy.