Final answer:
Exceptions to copyright law are termed 'fair use,' which allows limited use without permission for purposes like research and education. Intellectual property includes copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. International organizations work on harmonizing these laws globally.
Step-by-step explanation:
Exceptions to the exclusive rights of copyright law are commonly referred to as fair use. Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, search engines, criticism, parody, news reporting, research, teaching, scholarship, and education. These exceptions are typically codified in national copyright laws and may vary from one jurisdiction to another. The concept of intellectual property includes copyrights as well as patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. International efforts, such as those by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), seek to harmonize the protection of intellectual property across borders.