1). (force) x (time) = (kg-m/s²) x (sec) = kg-m/s
Divide that by speed (m/s), and you're left with kg (mass).
You've just demonstrated than impulse (force x time) has the same units as momentum (mass x speed), and in fact, delivering some impulse does change momentum by the same simple amount.
2). We know that 'x' is a stretch distance, so its unit is 'meter' (length).
If F = kx, and the unit of 'k' is kg/s², then
[F] = (kg/s²) times (meter)
[F] = kg-m/s²
By gosh, that's exactly the combination of units that we call a "Newton".
3). OK. I have no idea what (impulse)² is good for, or whether it has any physical significance, but you want to play with the units. Oh goody ! I love to do that ! So let's do so forthwith:
Impulse = Newton-sec
Impulse = (mass · length / time²) x (time)
Impulse = (mass · length / time) (or mass · speed)
(Impulse²) = mass² · length² / time²
The only interesting thing I can to do with that is
(Impulse²) = (mass² · length) · (acceleration)
Oh wait. That can be further massaged:
Impulse² = (mass · length) · (mass · acceleration)
Impulse² = (mass · length) · (Force)
Impulse² = (mass) · (Force · length)
Impulse² = mass · (work or energy)
Wow ! I still don't know what it's good for, but it shore is interesting.