1) We think this question is intended to have you use f(t) as a model for the outside temperature, and the answer selection as a statement of when the air-conditioner is running. "This situation" questions are always open to a variety of interpretations.
If our assumptions are correct, the appropriate choice is the one that is equivalent to
... f(t) > 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . outside air temperature is greater than 25
... 24 -5cos(πt/12) > 25 . . . . use the given f(t)
... -5cos(πt/12) - 1 > 0 . . . . . subtract 25; corresponds to selection D
2) A graph shows the solution to be the interval (6.8, 17.2). Selections C and E are appropriate.