The answer is "c. joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives".
The examination explored the connection between situational stress, quality of casual informal social networks and child abuse. Both situational stress and quality of interpersonal organization turned out to be critical indicators of manhandle. Individuals living in exceedingly distressing life circumstances who revealed solid informal communities were more averse to be abusers than individuals living in high pressure circumstances who announced powerless social networks.