Final answer:
The U.S. Government allowed African Americans to serve in the Civil War through the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, encouraged by the Emancipation Proclamation, strategic military needs, and the advocacy of key figures. This move was bolstered by the clear benefit of enlisting black soldiers, who quickly became an invaluable part of the Union Army.
Step-by-step explanation:
The engagement of African American soldiers in the Union Army during the Civil War came as a strategic move by the United States Government. The Second Confiscation and Militia Act of July 17, 1862, was the first official authorization to employ African Americans in federal military service. This act allowed President Lincoln the discretion to use African American individuals in the military for any purpose benefiting the public welfare. It wasn't until the Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, that African American enlistment in military service became more widespread.
As the war progressed, Union leaders, as well as influential figures like Frederick Douglass, saw the potential benefits of enlisting black men in the army and navy. The pressing need to boost Union forces, coupled with Douglass's powerful arguments, reinforced the decision to recruit and arm African Americans. Once enlisted, the African American soldiers proved to be a valuable asset to the Union Army, contributing significantly to its ultimate victory.
Despite initial hesitations due to concerns over the loyalty of slaveholding border states and possible refusal of white soldiers to fight alongside African Americans, the federal government faced increasing pressure to act. Former enslaved individuals escaping to Union lines and the evolving war strategies spurred the government to change its stance, leading to the formation of black regiments such as the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. Their participation marked a turning point in the Civil war, eventually making up 10 percent of Union forces by the end of the war.